Triceratops (pron.: /traɪˈsɛrətɒps/ try-serr-ə-tops) is a genus of herbivorousceratopsid dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late CretaceousPeriod, around 68 to 65.5 million years ago (Mya) in what is now North America. It was one of the last non-avian dinosaur genera to appear before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[1] The term Triceratops, which literally means "three-horned face", is derived from the Greek τρί- (tri-) meaning "three", κέρας (kéras) meaning "horn", and ὤψ(ops) meaning "face".[2] Bearing a large bony frill and three horns on its large four-legged body, and conjuring similarities with the modern rhinoceros, Triceratops is one of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs and the best known ceratopsid. It shared the landscape with and waspreyed upon by the fearsome Tyrannosaurus,[3] though it is less certain that the two did battle in the manner often depicted in traditional museum displays and popular images. The exact placement of the Triceratops genus within the ceratopsid group has been debated by paleontologists. Two species, T. horridus and T. prorsus, are considered valid although many other species have been named. Recent research suggests that the contemporaneous Torosaurus, a ceratopsid long regarded as a separate genus, represents Triceratops in its mature form,[4][5] though this is disputed.[6] Triceratops has been documented by numerous remains collected since the genus was first described in 1889, including at least one complete individual skeleton.[7]Paleontologist John Scannella observed: "It is hard to walk out into the Hell Creek Formation and not stumble upon a Triceratops weathering out of a hillside." Forty-seven complete or partial skulls were discovered in just that area during the decade 2000–2010.[8] Specimens representing life stages from hatchling to adult have been found.[9] The function of the frills and three distinctive facial horns has long inspired debate. Traditionally these have been viewed as defensive weapons against predators. More recent theories, noting the presence of blood vessels in the skull bones of ceratopsids, find it more probable that these features were primarily used in identification, courtshipand dominance displays, much like the antlers and horns of modern reindeer, mountain goats, or rhinoceros beetles.[10] The theory finds additional support if Torosaurusrepresents the mature form of Triceratops, as this would mean the frill also developed holes (fenestrae) as individuals reached maturity, rendering the structure more useful for display than defense.[4]
